Who would have thought 10 years ago that there would be a cure for AIDS? Well, according to the Journal Watch: HIV/AIDS Clinical Care, February 13, 2009, a 40-year-old HIV positive male German patient with Leukemia underwent bone marrow stem cell transplantation, which completely eradicated the virus from his body, 2 years later. Removing HIV was not the main reason why the patient underwent the risky procedure, doctors at the Berlin Charité Hospital said.
The principal reason was to treat the patient for leukemia, a disease characterized by an uncontrollable increase or proliferation of malformed leukocytes and their precursors in the bone marrow and peripheral blood, caused by malignancy of the blood forming organs, National Institute of Health. Therefore, it was very unexpected to witnessed the complete absence of any HIV RNA traces, according to the doctors.
The process of transplanting healthy bone marrows into people with HIV, have been done many times before without any success of removing the virus from the body. So, one can understand why these doctors were not necessarily trying to use the procedure to cure the patient of AIDS, but instead, were trying to cure him of his leukemia problem.
Sometimes this is how a cure is achieved-by sheer accident. Well, mankind has one on its hands as we speak. One might be wondering what is so different about this bone marrow transplant and others done before it. The key ingredient is a defective version of the white blood cell protein chemokine receptor “CCR5.” This protein receptor and CXCR4 are both present on CD4 T-Cells and a few other immune system cells.
The HIV virus generally enters the white blood cell via the CCR5 receptor or the CXCR4 receptor. However, if the CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors are defective, the virus cannot access the T-Cells to infect them. HIV infections via the CXCR4 receptors are rare, but they do occur by variant strains of the virus, The Lancet, May 22nd 2002.
Our discussion will therefore focus on the CCR5 receptor. A very large percent of people have normal amounts of CCR5 receptors on their CD4 T-Cells. A few of us have limited or partial amounts while some of us have none at all. Well, in this instance, it pays to have none. People who have limited amounts of the CCR5 receptor are heterozygous for the gene that codes for it.
A gene is a small segment of a double helical DNA. The DNA itself contains two strands of nucleotides base pairs that are twisted in a spiral shape like a rope. The only difference is that there are only two strands within the DNA helix while there are several within the rope’s helix.
It is therefore a segment of this helix that is termed, the gene. It is just like cutting a small segment from a rope and examining the characteristics of that segment from the rope. In our case, we will be examining the piece of the DNA that codes for the CCR5 receptor, which is also a protein. We will find that in heterozygous individuals, only one section from one strand of the DNA codes for the defective CCR5 receptor, while the opposite section on the other strand of the DNA does not code for a defective version but codes for the normal CCR5 receptor, which facilitates easy HIV infection.
People who are homozygous in relationship to the defective genetic segment (32-bp deletion) on the DNA are therefore totally immune to the CCR5 mode of HIV infection. And if those people were ever going to get HIV, they will have to be infected with a HIV variant that strictly invades the CXCR4 receptor instead of the CCR5 receptor.
On the other hand, individuals who have normal proportions of CCR5 receptors on their CD4 T-Cells with no heterozygosity or homozygosity are 100% more susceptible to HIV infection. In fact, there are tests that can be done to determine whether or not a person is heterozygous or homozygous for the defective CCR5 gene.
The HIV positive patient who was cured by the stem cell transplant was given a stem cell that was taken from a person who was homozygous for the CCR5 deletion on his/her gene. Deletion means that the normal base pairings of the DNA segments (genes) was changed into something else that does not code for anything. It is not all segments on a DNA that codes for something useful. Therefore, this is why the CCR5 receptor does not work and is therefore defective.
Sometimes certain portions of the DNA are stop codes, blanks or codes that do not provide instructions to make any proteins. A perfect example of this is trying to build a car without a blueprint or a schematic. It does not matter how much material is available. If there is no instruction of how to build cars, there will be no cars built. Our example is the same way. The DNA and segments (gene) of the DNA are blueprints that cells use to build different proteins for the body.
The HIV positive patient in our discussion was obviously infected with the HIV strain that specifically uses the CCR5 receptor has its mode of entry into the CD4 T-cells. This patient will not be infected with HIV again unless he is exposed to an HIV variant that uses the CXCR4 mode of infection or something totally different. This scenario is very unlikely provided that the patient refrain from risky sexual behaviors.
Archive for July, 2010
HIV Positive Man Cured by Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplant! How?
Touring through Barcelona; Part I – Chinatown, Churches, and Stores
Barcelona is a lovely city with hills on its sides and the Mediterranean Sea just in front of it. The old city is surrounded by a fortress and is darker and older inside. The modern Barcelona with a happy, peaceful feeling is romantic like a fairytale basking in sunshine. Yet, according to friends who lived there, there had been a lot of bloodshed in the last century even up to today, due to terrorism.
The daily life in Barcelona is prosperous, dynamic, enchanting, full of contrasts and delightful surprises. One of the surprises was the Chinatown.
Yes, did you know there is a Chinatown in Barcelona? Friends said it used to be a place with dirty, urine-smelling roads, call girls on benches waiting for customers in front of run-down buildings, and even a black woman or an African lady hanging from a window, inviting the passers-by.
The Chinatown in the Gothic quarter that I visited felt different to me. One relic from the past in that same neighborhood was a church with nicely refurbished interior but a dilapidated exterior; yet, still very beautiful, surrounded by carefully restored gray stone buildings. In fact, gray seemed to be dominant on all these cobblestone roads. Such a contrast to the rest of the city!
The gray color here had a shine to it even on the pale faces of the residents. On the narrow, crooked lanes, gray was even better accented by the bridge-like overpasses from building to building. Those ancient cobblestone lanes appeared to be subterranean, as if carved out of one long tunnel, with sunlight coming from above the overpasses. This melancholic panorama of dark against light, shadow against sunshine, eerie yet with poetry appeared as if it came from an artist’s charcoal rendering.
On those stone buildings with their rough surfaces sticking out of the facades of the edifices, some of the stones were as big as boulders. The winding narrow lane, which the church was situated on, opened to a larger street with a bar-lounge where, I imagine, many Spanish and French poets and thinkers of the past sat to drink their absinthe, beer, or sangria.
A few steps later, things changed completely, for the other roads of the Barrio Chino (China Town) were comparable to the ones in New York City. Here, the streets were wider with many buildings stacked against each other, hosting many businesses and shops with colorful signs in Chinese, some also in Spanish and Catalan.
One day, I had the honor of visiting such a shop.
“The ice on the moon is much more abundant than they thought, did you know that? Si Senoras, inside the craters to the north of it,” he said, folding the daily El Pais.
I was surprised that Pepe, the tall, dark, handsome owner of the interiors store–to where I had accompanied our hostess Delia to buy fabric–would suddenly come up with a remark like that, but then they were acquainted with each other. Delia worked on the same street where Pepe’s shop was.
“At the moment, I’m interested in Barcelona but moon may be my next stop,” I tried to say with my rusty Spanish, hoping the words didn’t come out crooked to mean something else. Sensing my hesitation, Delia nodded in approval.
“In that case, I’ll tell you about barcelona,” Pepe said, pulling a bundle of folded fabrics down a shelf to reach to the green and blue damask cloth Delia had requested.
Pepe said that barcelona was built about 200 years before Christ, believe it or not, by Hamilcar Barca, a general from Carthage who invaded the Roman lands by passing through the impassible mountains but failing at the end. I commented about remembering from my school days that the Romans had invaded Carthage and had razed down the city with salt.
Pepe laughed. “Women always like the gossip part of history.” After he cut the fabric, he handed it over to Delia. “I held it with my fingertips, so I wouldn’t contaminate it for you,” he said in a serious tone.
“Cut it out, Pepe,” Delia replied, her face changing suddenly.
I didn’t say anything because what happened between them appeared to be private at the moment.
Pepe had to be interested in churches, since all he talked about were the churches in Barcelona, especially the Gothic Cathedral of Santa Eulalia, the one built as a monument to Columbus. He said another cathedral that was the most enormous but still under construction since the nineteenth century was the Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia but he called it la Sagrada in short.
From the tour bus a day before, I remembered seeing the curvy, ornate, and titanic La Sagrada. To me it looked scary and horrendous like a giant towering over its surroundings with its tall spires; it did not seem to be the fantastic building everyone raved about. Not that there is anything wrong with La Sagrada, but I just prefer small churches. The smaller they are, the cozier they seem.
Listening to Pepe, I had an uneasy feeling. He was not even speaking in Catalan but luckily in Castillian to us; yet, he was talking of something else other than the church’s architecture. Probably, he wanted to mention the importance of churches to the city. I haven’t read the Bible in Spanish but I believe his speech was interspersed by quotations from it.
“Pepe knows so much about churches,” I commented to Delia, once we were outside. “He seems to be so religious.”
“Almost fanatical, but he wasn’t always like this. Pepe has become a dedicated church goer; he never falters. The truth is, rather than a shop attendant, he is an artist. He works with gouache and is quite famous,” Delia said. Then, she added hesitantly, “He started up with the churches after the illness.”
“He didn’t look sick to me,” I said.
“He has Kaposi’s Sarcoma, Sida (Aids) you know.”
“Awful!”
“Pepe’s gay,” Delia said. “He, unfortunately, thinks the end of the world came for him. So, now, he is addicted to religion.”
To continue…
Oncogenes – The Key To Cancer?
Most cancer cells invade and destroy surrounding tissue by building up into a mass of cells. This mass is called either a growth, tumor or neoplasm (new growth).
Not all tumors, however, are cancerous. Benign tumors, while still abnormal, do not differ much from normal cells and do not threaten life. They do not grow wildly or rapidly. Nor do they destroy normal cells or spread to other places.
Malignant or cancerous cells, on the other hand, are dangerous because they deprive normal cells of nourishment and space. They divide rapidly and look much different from other cells. Unlike benign tumors, malignant cells have the ability to spread throughout the body and destroy other tissues.
“More than 200 types of cancer have been identified. There are three basic categories of cancer: carcinoma (cancer of the epithelial cells, which line organs and secrete mucus), sarcoma (cancer of connective tissue, such as bone, fat, and muscle), and fluid cancer (for example, leukemia). Some cancers may fall into more than one category,” said the editors of Consumer Guide’s “Family Health & Medical Guide.”
How do normal cells become cancerous? What makes them run wild? One possible answer lies in the rearrangement in the chromosomes in the cell – a phenomenon brought about by oncogenes.
Oncogene comes from the Greek term “oncos” which means a mass or tumor. These special genes apparently cause normal cells to divide abnormally, leading to cancer.
All of us carry the normal form of oncogenes which are called proto-oncogenes. Proto-oncogenes are found in all of our cells and play many useful roles. They regulate cell division, organ development, and control the growth of cells needed to repair injured tissue.
But years of exposure to cancer-causing agents or carcinogens can affect the way proto-oncogenes work and transform them to oncogenes. This is how cancer begins.
“Most cancer researchers believe that somehow, usually over a period of years, cancer-causing agents repeatedly brought into the body, finally damage a critical piece of a cell’s genetic code. The damage causes the cell to send out abnormal messages related to some aspect of cell growth,” explained Marrion Morra, assistant director of the Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center of Yale University School of Medicine in Connecticut, and Eve Potts in “Choices: Realistic Alternatives in Cancer Treatment.”
“As new cells spring from the old, the misled cell leads an onslaught of others that result in runaway growth. The altered genes – oncogenes – take charge,” they said. (Next: Cancer risk factors.)
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oncogenes meansArthritis and Joint Pain: Causes, Symptoms, Home Remedies
Arthritis is an inflammation of one or more joints caused by the wear and tear injury or any infection. This inflamed condition of the joints is mostly seen in the elderly people. It comes from two Greek words, athron meaning joints and itis meaning inflammation. It affects almost half of the population of the world. About 50 million people in the United States suffer from one or the other type of arthritis. It is more common than cancer and heart problems. In brief we can say that it is the condition that affects the health of the bone joints in the body.
Arthritis refers to the more than 100 distinct diseases that cause pain and swelling, and limit movement in joints and connective tissue . The common types of arthritis are-
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Gout
Osteoarthritis results from the loss of bone tissue from the joints and is also known as degenerative arthritis. It mostly occurs with the preceding age. Rheumatoid arthritis affects the people above the age of 40. It is more dangerous than osteoarthritis as it affects the ligaments and tendons that join the bones and muscles. Gout mostly affects men who are above the age of 40 years and is caused by the excess accumulation of uric acid in the spaces between the joints causing intense pain and inflammation of the joints.
The various symptoms of arthritis are:
Joint pain
Swelling of joints
Limitation of movement
Swelling of joints
Stiffness of the joints
There are many types of arthritis and each of them has a different cause of occurrence.
The common causes of arthritis are:
Obesity and overweight
Preceding age
Heredity factors
Hormonal changes
Weather changes
Excessive acid in the body
Nutrient deficiencies
Home remedies for Arthritis
Two teaspoons of lemon juice and a teaspoon of honey taken in a cup of warm water twice daily is highly beneficial for the treatment of arthritis.
Half teaspoon of turmeric powder taken with warm water twice a day is also effective in curing arthritis.
Application of hot packs and ice packs for 10 minutes also provides relief from joint pains.
Drinking alfalfa tea twice daily is also beneficial for the treatment of arthritis.
Drink some radish juice with sugar added to it.
Soak Spiegel seeds in water, make a poultice and apply it on the joints for immediate relief from pain.
Natural Solution: Arthcare Oil – An Anti-inflammatory Herbal massage oil. http://www.ayurvediccure.com/arthcareoil.htm
Arthcare is an anti-inflammatory herbal oil which not only gives relief from arthritis pain but also strengthens the bone tissues, the skeletal and the neuromuscular systems, giving a comfortable movements of joints and muscles.
JOINT PAIN
Joint pain is on of the symptoms of arthritis. It affects one or more joints. Many types of injuries or conditions can cause it. Joint pain can also be caused by the inflammation of the bursae known as bursitis. The bursae are fluid-filled sacs that cushion and pad bony prominences, allowing free movement of muscles and tendons over the bone.
The other causes of joint pain are:
Joint injury
Infections like viral infections, bacterial infections etc.
Joint strains
Auto-immune diseases
Nervous system disorder
Home remedies for Joint Pain
Warm baths is the highly beneficial water treatment for the joint pains.
Drink 15 grams of fresh bathu juice daily with an empty stomach without adding any salt or sugar to it.
Massaging the affected area with any oil will provide relief from the pain.
Drink a cup of papaya seed tea six or seven times daily for two or three weeks for relief from joint pain.
Eat porridge of 2 teaspoonfuls of winter cherry with ghee and molasses with an empty stomach for 15 days.
Diet also plays an important role in the treatment of arthritis and joint pain. Improvement in the digestion and metabolism of the body is very important for the treatment. Heavy meals, meat and fish, sour fruits and fried foods should be avoided, as they are difficult to digest. Consumption of rice during nighttime should be avoided. Among fruits bananas are considered best as they provide strength to the joints and grease them. Carrot juice is highly beneficial as it strengthens the ligaments. Besides diet rest is also important for the patients suffering from arthritis and joint pain.
Natural Solution: Arthcare Oil – An Anti-inflammatory Herbal massage oil.
Arthcare is an anti-inflammatory herbal oil which not only gives a relief from joint pains but also strengthens the bone tissues, the skeletal and the neuromuscular systems, giving a comfortable movements of joints and muscles.
Do Flu Shots Have Mercury In Them?
Do flu shots have mercury in them? Yes, says the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, commonly referred to as the CDC, in their facts on the flu shot question and answer guide.
Opinions about whether mercury in flu shots is a threat to human health may vary, but no one can deny the facts on the flu shot. Mercury is used in the manufacturing of and as a preservative in most flu shot vaccines. Even those vaccines that are labeled preservative free have trace amounts of mercury left over from the manufacturing process, but because the content is too low to act as a preservative, they are called preservative free.
Questions like “do flu shots have mercury in them” may be asked for many reasons. Mercury contamination in fish and the environment is of great concern. Mercury poisoning can cause illness and death. Some people have severe allergic reactions to mercury. Mercury is a known neurotoxin, meaning that it damages or destroys nerve tissues. Mercury has been linked to autism and Alzheimer’s.
The facts on the flu shot presented by the CDC maintain that there is “no convincing evidence of harm” from mercury in flu shots, but there was sufficient evidence for New York to pass a law in 2006 banning thimerosal (a mercury based preservative) from flu shots intended for use in children and pregnant women. But, even with this ban, the answer to “do flu shots have mercury in them” in New York is still, yes. As previously stated trace amounts of mercury are present even in preservative free flu shots.
In 1999, the Public Health Service agencies, the American Academy of Pediatrics and vaccine manufacturers agreed that mercury should be reduced or eliminated from vaccines as a precautionary measure. But, still the answer to the question “do flu shots have mercury in them” is yes. The facts on the flu shot presented by the CDC maintain that the best protection from influenza is the annual flu shot, but ultimately it is a personal choice.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Life-threatening Condition?
Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common inflammatory form of arthritis and affects approximately two million Americans. It is an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by abnormal function of the immune system. For whatever reason (and that reason is still unknown), the immune system attacks healthy tissue. In rheumatoid arthritis, joint tissues such as ligaments, tendons, and muscles, are attacked and become inflamed. Symptoms that develop include painful, swollen, tender joints. The small joints in the hands and feet are the most commonly affected. Other prominent symptoms include fatigue and stiffness.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease meaning it attacks many different organ systems. One organ system that can be affected are the blood vessels. This inflammation of blood vessels is called vasculitis. It is especially dangerous because vessels carry blood throughout the body: to the brain, lungs, skin, kidneys, and heart. “Shutdown” of organs occurs. Why? As the inflammation of the blood vessels progresses, the blood vessels are no longer able to transport blood.
Vasculitis due to rheumatoid arthritis can lead to heart attack and stroke. (Roman MJ, et al. Preclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Annals Int Med 2006; 144: 249-256)
A sidebar to this is the eye involvement that can occur. Inflammation of the sclera- the white part of the eye- can lead to blindness as a result of perforation or hemorrhage.
An interesting side light to this is that several studies provide evidence that long-term smoking contributes to the immune system’s malfunctioning. This most likely explains why smoking is associated with increased severity of the disease. This is also why smoking and rheumatoid arthritis make a terrible combination. Smoking causes premature atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis does also.
If untreated, rheumatoid arthritis significantly shortens life span by an average seven to eight years. It increases the risk for heart attack and stroke. Sixty percent of untreated patients are disabled and dependent on others to take care of them within 10 years.
One other factor that contributes to the shortened lifespan is the increased incidence of lymphoma that occurs in patients with RA.
Golf Swing Teaching Aids – The Advantages
There is a rumor amongst amateur golfers that the pros would never use golf swing teaching aids. Well let’s just lay that rumor to rest right now.
The primary teaching aid that the pros use, is of course the coach. Maybe you or I don’t have the money to afford personal tuition, but just as a coach will select particular teaching aids to use with a player, so we can select those teachings aids for ourselves. Some of these aids work better than others, and some are gadgets which are probably no better than toys. However, by doing some research there are some great resources out there to help you improve your swing.
Streptococcal Pharyngitis – The Symptoms That Appear And The Necessary Tests
It was seen that 5-15% of adults and 15-30% of children may be affected by pharyngitis, caused by the bacteria group A streptococci.
Strep infections must be identified very quickly and treated with antibiotics at once. That is, because if not treated, the infection may lead to secondary complications, like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. It is also important to remember that strep throat is very contagious, and can easily spread to close contacts.
In order to see if group A streptococci is the cause of the sore throat, the doctor will perform a rapid strep test, and then, he will know to prescribe the proper antibiotics to start the treatment. But there appear the possibility that the rapid test turns to be negative. In this situation, a culture to grow bacteria must be done. The results of this test are available in a few days, but it is known it has a higher accuracy then the rapid strep test.
There must be done this second test, because the doctor cannot exclude the possibility of strep throat, until the laboratory performs a culture.
The doctor will order this test, if there is present a sore throat and a fever, a swollen, tender neck, tonsils that appear red with white or yellow spots at the back of the throat, headache and loss of appetite.
It is known that strep throat spreads very easily from person to person, through contact with respiratory secretions. It was seen that flu can show similar symptoms like a strep throat, and we can mention here fever, chills, headache, sore throat, muscle pain.
It is necessary to see clearly if there is a flu or a strep throat. So, there must be performed some tests: rapid strep test, and a rapid influenza test. If these tests turn negative, and clinical signs warrant it, there may still be necessary a blood test that evaluates the patient’s white blood cells, and blood cultures may be drawn, to exclude the risk of sepsis. It is known that sometimes, the symptoms showed above can appear because of a serious acute illness, septicemia- that means bacteria growing in the blood.
Starting a correct therapy is a necessary thing, and that is why there must be done some tests, to see exactly what infection we are dealing with. The diagnosis must be accurate and prompt.
Many patients that are having streptococcal pharyngitis do not come to the doctor for treatment. They will recover as well, without antibiotic medication, but it is important to know that they will be contagious for a longer period of time, and they present an increased risk for developing complications.
Usually, strep throat appears in children aged 5 up to 10 years old. It is important to know that there are about 20% of the school children that have the bacteria, show no symptoms, but they can spread the infection to others.









